Cancer

What is Cancer and How is it Treated?

Cancer is a group of diseases in which mutant cells proliferate unchecked, eventually interfering with the natural functions of the body. The treatment of cancer is complex, with a combination of radiation and chemotherapy to destroy cancer cells, and nutritional therapy to boost the body’s immune system and prevent cancer from spreading. Side effects of some cancer drugs and therapies, such as fatigue, nausea, and loss of appetite, can be debilitating and distressing. As cancer progresses, the increasing pain can be difficult to manage with opioid painkillers. Cancer patients often suffer from depression.

How Medical Marijuana Helps Cancer Patients

Whole-plant cannabis contains multiple ingredients that help to manage pain, counteract the side effects of chemotherapy, and improve the mood and outlook of cancer patients.

• Pain – Cancer pain is caused by inflammation, nerve injury, and tumors invading bone and other sensitive tissue. It is chronic and persistent. Medical cannabis helps relieve pain by reducing inflammation and triggering the body to produce a natural analgesic. Ajulemic acid (Aja), a metabolite of THC, is an effective analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent.

The body does not develop tolerance to medical marijuana as it does to opiate drugs, requiring increasingly higher doses to achieve the same level of comfort. Patients do not experience the unpleasant side effects, like constipation and disorientation, of opiate drugs.

Studies on cancer patients indicate that medical marijuana can help in several ways:

• Neuropathy – Nerve damage resulting from chemotherapy and other cancer treatments often results in feelings of weakness, numbness, tingling, or burning in the hands and feet. Medical marijuana offers relief from neuropathic pain.
• Nausea and vomiting – Nausea and vomiting is a common side effect of chemotherapy. Nabilone and Dronabinol are synthetic cannabinoids approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of nausea. However, they are single-molecule drugs and do not offer the additional benefits of whole-plant marijuana.
• Loss of appetite – Medical marijuana stimulates the appetite so that cancer patients again enjoy eating and can consume the nutrients their bodies need.
• Anti-neoplastic – Studies in the lab show that marijuana may be effective in slowing down or stopping the growth of certain tumors. Some liver, prostate, lung, pancreatic, oral, and colon cancer cells, as well as abnormal immune cells in blood cancers such as leukemia, have cannabinoid (CB)1 and CB2 receptors. Cancer cells with or CB2 receptors react to the presence of THC or CBD, the two most active ingredients in marijuana.

Studies of the properties of medical marijuana indicate that marijuana can act against cancer by inducing apoptosis (the natural process of cell death), inhibiting proliferation of abnormal cells, and stimulating the immune system. The response of cancer cells to cannabinoids is sensitive to dosage. Your doctor will work with you to determine the right dosage of medical marijuana, and to monitor your body’s response.

External Resources

Please click on the following links below to learn more about Cancer.

• American Cancer Society
• CancerWise
• National Cancer Institute

Further Reading

Please click on the following links below to read more about Cancer and medical marijuana.

• Cannabis and Cannabinoids (PDQ®)–Patient Version. National Cancer Institute.
• Cannabinoids in the management of difficult to treat pain. Ethan B Russo.
• Medical Marijuana and Cancer. Cancercare.org
• Cannabinoids for Medical Use. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
• Cannabinoids inhibit cellular respiration of human oral cancer cells. Whyte DA, Al-Hammadi S, Balhaj G, Brown OM, Penefsky HS, Souid AK.
• Cannabinoids: potential anticancer agents. Guzman, M., 2003.
• Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. International Journal of Cancer.
• The role of cannabinoids in prostate cancer: Basic science perspective and potential clinical applications. Juan A. Ramos and Fernando J. Bianco.
• A study by the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology by Virginia Commonwealth University showing that cannabinoids induce apoptosis in leukemia cells. US National Library of Medicine.
• A study showing that THC reduces the growth of liver cancer cells. US National Library of Medicine.